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nwa¨Xao-~oSoHa-~hwbHam¨Zr bmb _hmbmV [dH¥V B[Vhmg C^m Hobm

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nwa¨Xao-~oSoHa-~hwbHam¨Zr bmb _hmbmV [dH¥V B[Vhmg C^m Hobm

lr_¨V HmoHmQo

"" Ooåg boZ ìXmao NÌnVr [edam`m¨Mr ~XZm_r HaUmè`mgmRr nwa¨Xao-~oSoHa-~hwbHa `m¨Zr [Z_m©U Hobobm [dH¥V-ImoQmaSm d ~XZm_rHmaH B[VhmgmMm Smobmam Zï PmbmM nm[hOo AÝ`Wm ^[dî`HmimVrb Amnë`m [nTrbm ImoQm [dH¥V B[VhmgMm Iam dmQob, Va CRm [ed^ŠVm¨Zmo, [dH¥V B[Vhmg Zï HaUmÀ`m Hm_mbm bmJm-Vwåhmbm AmB© [OOmDMr enW Amho, NÌnVr [edmOramOm¨da Amnbo IaoM n«o_ Agob Va [edmOramOm¨Mr ~XZm_r HaUmam [dH¥V B[Vhmg AmnU Zï Hobm nm[hOo. ''

Ooåg boZ Ambm Am[U [edmOr amOm¨Mr ~XZm_r HéZ Jobm, Ago KSbo Zmhr, boZ ìXmao [edmOr amOm¨Mr ~XZm_r HaÊ`mgmRr nwa¨Xao-~oSoHam¨Zr [edmOramOm¨Mo dSrb ehmOramOo hOa AgVmZm Ë`m¨À`m HWm , HmX¨~è`m, [MÌnQ, _m[bHm,nmRçnwñVHo, ZmQHo, [eëno `mìXmao gmVË`mZo J¡ahOa XmI[dbo. Am[U XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod-am_Xmg [edmOramOm¨Mo Jwé-_mJ©Xe©H [H¨dm _XVZrg ZgVmZm XoIrb Ë`m¨Zm gVV [edmOr _hmamO-[OOmD _m° gmho~ `m¨Mo gmo~V XmIdbo Am[U Ë`mbm "OmoH ' V`ma Hobm. Am[U Vmo OmoH boZìXmao ~hwbHa _¨Owi ( dm.b.) Xm_bo (aoIm) Omoer ([~¨Xw) HwbHUr© (A.am.) `m¨Zr [bhwZ AmUbm. ~«måhU NÌnVr [edmOr amOm¨~Ôb ImOJrV Hm` ~mobVmV ho boZZo [bhbo B[Vhmg hm B[Vhmg AgVmo, Oo KSbo Ë`mbm B[Vhmg åhUVmV, _bm Hm` dmQVo, Ë`mbm B[Vhmg åhUV ZmhrV. B[Vhmg hm ì`ŠVrgmnojm, OmVgmnoj [H¨dm Hmi gmnoj ZgVmo, nU nwa¨Xao-~oSoHam¨Zr Ë`m¨À`m gmo`rMm [OOmD [edam`m¨Mr ~XZm_r HaUmam [dH¥V B[Vhmg aoImQbm-gm¨JrVbm. Ooìhm [ed^ŠV Iam B[Vhmg g¨X^© J«¨W dmMVrb Voìhm nwa¨Xao ~oSoHabm _m\ HaUma ZmhrV. ~hwVoH [ed^ŠVm¨Mo AkmZ hoM nwa¨Xao-~oSoHam¨Mo ^m¨Sdb Amho.

nwa¨Xao ~oSoHam¨Zr Hm` Hm` Hobo>?

(1) [edO`¨VrMm dmX Mmbw Rodbm- nwa¨Xao-~oSoHa gmiJmdHam¨Zr [edO`¨VrMm dmX Mmbw Rodbm `mìXmao [ed^ŠVmV \wQ nmSwZ _mdiçm¨_Ü`o E¡¨Š` Zï Hobo d Ë`m¨À`mV OÝ_mnmgwZM g¨^«_ [Z_m©U Hobm. [edO`¨VrÀ`m dmXmVM gd© njmVrb [ed^ŠVm¨Mr eŠVr IM© HaÊ`mMm HQ Hobm.

(2) ~m~m nwa¨Xao hmM Iam Ooåg boZ-Á`m XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod (HwbHUr©Mr) ehmOramOo- [OOm_mVm-[edmOramOo `m¨À`m nm`VmZmOdi XoIrb C^r amhÊ`mMr bm`Hr ZìhVr. Omo Hmo¨SXod Am[XbehmMm gm_mÝ` ZmoHa hmoVm, Omo [edam`m¨Mm HYrhr Jwé, _mJ©Xe©H ZìhVm Aem XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodbm HWm-HmX¨~è`m- ZmQHmìXmao WoQ [edmOramOo- [OOm_mVm eoOmar XmI[dÊ`mMo AË`¨V bm¨ÀNZmñnX Hm_ ~m~m nwa¨XaoZo Am`wî`^a Hobo. [edM[aÌmMr AË`¨V _hËdmMr g¨X^© gmYUo OoYo, eHmdbr, [ed^maV, amYm_mYd [dbmgM¨nw nUm©bnd©V J«hUmñWmZ, ~wY^yfU B. J«WmV XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod d am_Xmg `m¨Mo gmYo ZmdXoIrb Zmhr. Aem XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod am_Xmgmbm [OOmD, [edam`m¨gmo~V gVV aoImQÊ`mMo hbHQ Hm_ ~._mo. nwa¨XaoZr Hobo.

(3) ~oSoHam¨À`m gëë`mZo bmb _hmbmV [OOmD-[edam`m¨À`m eoOmar XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodMm nwVim nwUo _ZnmZo C^mabm- nwUo `oWrb bmb _hmbmV [edam`m¨À`m hmVmV gmoÝ`mMo Zm¨Ja [Xë`mMo g_wh[eën Amho. `m g_wh[eënmV [OOmD- ~mb[ed~m d XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod AmhoV. HmoUË`mhr Ì`ñV ì`ŠVr¨Zr ho g_wh[eën nmhrë`mZ¨Va AmB©-dSrb Am[U _wbJm dmQmdm Ago ho Amjonmh© g_wh[eën Amho. ho g_wh[eën Va [OOm_mVogma»`m AmXe© _mVoMr ~XZm_r HaUmao Amho. nwUo _ZnmZo 1988 gmbr bmb _hmbmMo ~m¨YHm_ Hobo. Ë`mdoiog ho g_wh[eën VoWo ZìhVo. Ë`mZ¨Va aËZmHa HwbHUr© nwUo _ZnmMo Am`wŠV AgVmZm gwhmg HwbHUr© ñWm`r g[_VrMo AÜ`j hmoVo. Ë`mdoiog [ZZmX ~oSoHa `m¨Zr _Znmbm g_wh[eën ~g[dÊ`mMm gëbm [Xbm Am[U [ZZmX ~oSoHam¨À`m gëë`m¨Zo bmb _hmbmV ho g_wh[eën gZ 2000 gmbr ~g[dÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mZ¨Va 2001 d 2003 gmbr Ooåg boZìXmao ~hwbHa _¨Owi `m¨Zr ~XZm_r HaUmao nwñVH AmUbo. åhUOo ehmOramOm¨Zm hÔnma HéZ XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodbm [OOmD [edam`m¨À`m gmo~V XmI[dÊ`m_mJo ~oSoHa-nwa¨XaoÀ`m _Zm_Ü`o Hm` nmn Amho, ho boZ n«HaUm_wio [ZXo©eZmg Ambo.

XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod hm [edam`m¨Mm HYrhr Jwé ZìhVm, ho Eo[VhmgrH gË` gd©M Iè`m B[Vhmg g¨emoYHm¨Zr Omhra Hobo Amho, nU g_Om Vmo amOmMm Jwé hmoVm, Ago WmoSçm doi J¥hrV Yabo Var, JwéMm nwVim-\moQmo AmB© eoOmar C^m HaÊ`m_mJo Hm` CÔoe Amho? Amnë`m OrdZmVXoIrb Amnë`mbm HmoUr Jwé-[ejH AgVmo, åhUwZ Ë`m Jwé-[ejHmMm \moQmo AmnU Amnë`m AmB© eoOmar bmdV Zmhr. nU XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodbm gVV [OOmD [ed~m eoOmar XmI[dÊ`m_mJo nwa¨Xao-~oSoHam¨À`m _ZmV [HVr [dH¥V- KmUoaSo [dMma KmoiV hmoVo ho boZ_wio g_Obo. nwa¨Xao-~oSoHam¨À`m `m [dfmar Smdmbm nwUo _Znm ~ir nSbr. HmaU aËZmHa HwbHUr© Am`wŠV Va, gwhmg HwbHUr© nwUo _Znm ñWm`r g_rVrMo AÜ`j åhUOo ~oSoHa-HwbHUr©- HwbHUr©`m¨Zr ho nmn Hobo. AmnU ho nmn HaV AmhmoV ho bjmV `oD Z`o åhUwZ ~oSoHam¨Zr amO_mVm gw[_Ìm~mB© ^mogbo- nwUo _ZnmMo ghmæ` KoVbo. amOo-ZoVo `m¨À`m Mm¨JwbnUmMm \m`Xm KoDZ nwa¨Xao-~oSoHam¨Zr Omo [edm[aÌmV Z¨JmZmM Hobm. AmVm Var nwUo _Znm OmJo hmoDZ bmb _hmbmVrb g_wh[eënmVwZ ~ZmdQ Jwé XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodMm nwVim HmTwZ EHm AmXe© _mVoda ~oSoHam¨Zr bmdbobm Hb¨H YwDZ HmTmdm.

bmb _hmbmVrb g_wh [eëno nwUo _ZnmZo ~g[dbo nU `m_mJo _o¨Xw ~oSoHa-HwbHUr©Mm hmoVm. ho g_wh [eën ~hwbHa-_¨Owi-~oSoHa-[~¨Xw_mYd Omoer `m¨Zr Ooåg boZbm XmI[dbo d OmoH gm¨JrVbm. nwUo _ZnmMo ho g_wh[eën Agë`m_wio HmoUmbmhr ho _mÝ`Vmn«mßV Amho Ago dmQVo. nU _ZnmÀ`m AmS nwa¨Xao ~oSoHa AmhoV ho _mdiçm¨Zm _m[hV Zmhr.

(4) nmRçnwñVHmV XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod d am_Xmg Kwgdbo- emim HmTë`m _. \wbo, amOfr© emhw _hmamO , H_©dra ^mDamd nmQrb, Sm°. Am¨~oSHa `m¨Zr nU nmRçnwñVHo _¨Si AmO XoIrb Xoenm¨So, HwbHUr©, Hminm¨So, Omoer, n«YmZ `m¨À`m Vmã`mV Amho. Aa[d¨X Xoenm¨So `m¨À`m AÜ`jr` g[_VrZo Oo Mm¡WrMo nwñVH V`ma Hobo. Ë`m_Ü`o XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod d am_Xmg ho ~ZmdQ Jwé nmRçnwñVHmV Kwg[dbo, `m nmRçnwñVHmMm AmYma KoDZM nwa¨Xao- ~oSoHa - [dO` _amRo ~oSoHa, B. bmoH Hmo¨SXod-am_Xmg [edam`m¨Mo Jwé hmoVo, Agm n«Mma HaVmV. åhUOo AJmoXa ImoQr nmRçnwñVHo V`ma Hobr d hrM ImoQr nmRçnwñVHo AmO ~«måhU g¨X^©J«h åhUwZ dmnaVmV, emgZ_mÝ` Agë`m_wio OZVobm hoM Iao dmQm`bm bmJVo. Mm¡WrMo nwñVH nwa¨XaoÀ`m nwñVHmer [_iVo-OwiVo Amho. åhUOo emgZmÀ`m nwñVHmìXmao XoIrb nwa¨Xao-~oSoHam¨Zr XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod-am_Xmg nmRçnwñVHmV Kwg[dbo d [ed^ŠVm¨V g¨^«_ [Z_m©U Hobm. åhUOo AJmoXa Jwé åhUwZ n«Mma Ham`Mm Am[U nwTo boZ ìXmao d[Sb åhUwZ [bhwZ AmUm`Mo. ho [dH¥V Hm_ Xoenm¨So - HwbHUr©- ~oSoHa - nwa¨XaoZr nÕVeranUo Hobobo Amho.

(5) _hmamï— emgZmìXmao" H«rSm _mJ©Xe©ZmgmRr XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod nwañHma gwé Hobm' -emgZmV ZoVo Oar _amRçmMo Agbo, Var Ë`m¨Mm ~«måhUm¨da n«M¨S [dídmg Amho. HmaU [dídmg g¨nmXZ HaÊ`mgmRr ~«måhU _amRm ZoË`m¨nwTo \ma Z_«VoZo, _m`oZo ~mobVmV, Iwn nwTo-nwTo HaVmV. Ë`m_wio _amRm ZoË`m¨Zm dmQVo ~«måhU [HVr Mm¨Jbo AgVmV. _amRm ZoË`m¨À`m Mm¨JwbnUmMm, B[VhmgmÀ`m AkmZnUmMm \m`Xm KoDZ nwa¨Xao- ~oSoHam¨Zr _hmamï— emgZmìXmao "" H«rSm _mJ©Xe©ZmgmRr XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodÀ`m Zmdm¨Zo nwañHma gwé Hobm. AmVm [ed^ŠVm¨Zr [dMma Ham XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodMm d IoimMm Hm` g¨~¨Y Amho? XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodbm [H«HoQ, H~Èr, Imo-Imo, Zo_~mOr, HwñVr, Wmir \oH, Jmoim \oH, bm¨~ CSr, C¨M CSr, Qo~b Qo[Zg, hm°br~m°b , \wQ~m°b `mn¡Hr HmoUVm Ioi `oV hmoVm? ho _hmamï— emgUmZo Omhra Hamdo, Á`m XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodmMo, KmoanSo¨Zr hmV VmoSbo hmoVo. Á`mbm Hm¨Xm Hmnm`Mm MmHw XoIrb Yam`bm `oV ZìhVm. Agm XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod WoQ [edam`m¨Zm [ejU XoV Amho, Agm Am^mg [Z_m©U HaÊ`mgmRr hm nwañHma gwé Hobm Amho. XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod hm `wÕHboV AHweb hmoVm. NÌnVr [edmOramOm¨Zm Ë`mZo HmoUË`mhr n«HmaMo [ejU [Xbo Zmhr. [edam`m¨Zm `wÕHboMo [ejU dSrb ehmOramOo, _mVm [OOmD `m¨Zr [Xbo Amho. [edam`m¨À`m [nTçmZ¨[nTçm aUm¨JU JmO[dV hmoË`m. ehmOramOm¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm [edZoar d Z¨Va 1642 n`©V ~o¨Jbmoa `oWo `wÕHboMo d amO[ZVrMo [ejU [Xbo, [OOmD ñdV:`wÕ HboV [ZnwU hmoË`m, [edam`m¨Zm gd© n«HmaMo [ejU ehmOramOo- [OOm_mVm `m¨ZrM [Xbo. XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodMm [edam`m¨À`m [ejUmer XwamÝd`o XoIrb g¨~¨Y Zmhr. åhUOo XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod hm ~moJg Jwé Amho. Ë`m_wio _hmamï— emgZmMm [H«Sm _mJ©Xe©ZmMm nwañHma XoIrb ~moJg Amho.

^Qm¨Zr AZoH g¨ñWmZm XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodMo Zm¨d OmUrdnwd©H [Xbo `m_mJo [edam`m¨À`m ~XZm_rMr nmíd©^w_r hmoVr. nwa¨Xao- ~oSoHam¨Zr Ooåg boZ ìXmao [edmOr amOm¨Mr ~XZm_r HaÊ`mMm hm [dH¥V B[VhmgmMm Smobmam C^m Hobm. AmVm [ed^ŠV Iam B[Vhmg dmMw bmJbo AmhoV. gË` AgË` VnmgwZ nmhw bmJbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio nwa¨Xao - ~oSoHam¨Zr [Z_m©U Hoboë`m [dH¥V B[VhmgmMm Smobmam hiwhiw Tmgiw bmJbm Amho. gmobmnwamV g¨^mOr [~«JoSZo Ama.Eg.Eg. Zo nwa¨XaoÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr V`ma Hoboë`m [dH¥V [eënm¨Mm [damoY Hobm. Ho. gwXe©Z `m¨Zm _hoe MìhmUm¨Mr Mßnb Imdr bmJbr. [edmOr gbJa d Ë`m¨À`m ghHmè`m¨Zr XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod, am_Xmg d Jm¨Jm^ÅmMr [eëno VmoSbr. nwUo `oWo [edmOr OJVmn, [OVo¨X« Hmo¨Sao, g¨O` [eamoio `m¨À`m n«`ËZmZo Jmo`bJ¨Jm [~ëSaZo nwa¨XaoÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr V`ma Hoboë`m [ed[eënmVrb XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod- am_Xmg `m¨Mr [eëno HmTwZ Ë`mRrHmUr NÌnVr ehmOr amOm¨Mr [eëno ~g[dÊ`mV Ambo.

[dH¥V B[Vhmgm[déÕ [ed^ŠVm¨Mm Agm g¨Kf© XoemV [deofV: _hamï—mV noQbm Amho. _hmamï— emgZmZo ñdV: hmoDZ B[VhmgHmam¨Mr g[_Vr ñWmnZ HéZ [dH¥V B[Vhmg Zï Hamdm AÝ`Wm `m g¨Kfm©V Amnë`m OZVoMo- emgZmMo ZwHgmZ hmoB©b.

(6) _hmamï— emgZmZo- nwUo _ZnmZo ho Hamdo- Ooåg boZ d nwa¨Xao- ~oSoH a - _¨Owi ~hwbHa `m¨Zm \mer XoÊ`mgmRr _hmamï— emgZmbm Hmhr Vm¨ÌrH ASMUr Agë`m Var, [dH¥V B[VhmgmMm Smobmam Zï HaUo Va _hmamï— emgZmÀ`m hmVmV Amho. Ë`mgmRr emgZmZo - 1. H«_rH nmRçnwñVHmVwZ XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod d am_Xmg hm ^mJ dJimdm 2. emgZmÀ`m dVrZo [Xbm OmUmam [H«Sm _mJ©Xe©ZmgmRrMm XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod `m Zm¨dmÀ`m nwañHmamMo Zmd ~Xbmdo. Imem~m OmYd, bhwOr gmido [H¨dm VoO[ñdZr gmd¨V `m¨À`m ZmdmZo hm nwañHma Xçmdm. 3. bmb _hmbmVrb XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXodMm nwVim HmTwZ Ë`m[RHmUr ehmOramOm¨Mm nwVim ~gdmdm. 4. RmUo `oWrb XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod ñQo[S`_Mo Zmd ~XbwZ Ë`mbm HmÝhmoOr Am¨Jo ñQo[S`_ ho Zmd Xçmdo.

Ooåg boZ ìXmao NÌnVr [edmOr amOm¨Mr ~XZm_r HaÊ`mgmRr nwa¨Xao-~oSoHa- ~hwbHa `m¨Zr [Z_m©U Hobobm [dH¥V ImoQmaSm ~XZm_rHmaH B[VhmgmMm Smobmam Zï PmbmM nm[hOo AÝ`Wm ^[dî`HmimVrb Amnë`m [n[Tbm ImoQm [dH¥V B[VhmgM Iam dmQob, Va CRm [ed^ŠVm¨Zmo, [dH¥V B[Vhmg Zï HaÊ`mÀ`m Hm_mbm bmJm- Vwåhmbm AmB© [OOmD¨Mr enW Amho, NÌnVr [edmOr amOm¨da Amnbo IaoM n«o_ Agob Va, [edmOr amOm¨Mr ~XZm_r HaUmam [dH¥V AmnU Zï Hobm nmhrOo.